tl;dr: A relaxation of IOPs that is central to hash-based proof systems like FRI, STIR1 and WHIR.
$
$
References
For cited works, see below 👇👇
STIR: Reed–Solomon Proximity Testing with Fewer Queries, by Gal Arnon and Alessandro Chiesa and Giacomo Fenzi and Eylon Yogev, in Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2024/390, 2024, [URL] ↩